1 ' to 3 ' tall
Blooms late May to August
4 " spiky seed clusters atop stems
Tolerates light shade
Rich swamps, marshes, wet meadows
Drought tolerant
Seeds eaten heavily by Swamp Sparrows (25% of diet),
as well as by finches, songbirds, rails, grouse, snipe, black duck
Foliage & roots eaten by moose